List of place names in the United States of Native American origin
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Many places throughout the United States of America take their names from the languages of the indigenous Native American/American Indian tribes. The following list includes settlements, geographic features, and political subdivisions whose names are derived from these indigenous languages.
State names
- Alabama – named for the Alibamu, a tribe whose name derives from a Choctaw phrase meaning "Thicket-clearers"[1] or "plant-cutters" (from albah, "(medicinal) plants", and amo, "to clear"). The modern Choctaw name for the tribe is Albaamu.[2]
- Alaska – from Aleut alaxsxaq, "the mainland" (literally "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed").[3]
- Arizona – may be from O'odham ali ṣona-g, "having a little spring", though it may come from Basque: aritz zonak ("Good oaks").[4]
- Arkansas – from the Illinois rendering of the tribal autonym kką:ze (see Kansas, below), which the Miami and Illinois used to refer to the Quapaw.[4][5][6]
- Connecticut – from some Eastern Algonquian language of southern New England (perhaps Mahican), meaning "at the long tidal river" (after the Connecticut River).[7][8] The name reflects Proto-Eastern-Algonquian *kwən-, "long"; *-əhtəkw, "tidal river"; and *-ənk, the locative suffix[9]
- Idaho – may be from Plains Apache ídaahę́, "enemy", used to refer to the Comanches,[10] or it may have been an invented word.
- Illinois – from the French rendering of an Algonquian (perhaps Miami) word apparently meaning "s/he speaks normally" (c.f. Miami ilenweewa),[11] from Proto-Algonquian *elen-, "ordinary" + -wē, "to speak",[12][13] referring to the Illiniwek.
- Iowa – from Dakota ayúxba or ayuxwe, via French Aiouez.[14][15][16]
- Kansas – from the autonym kką:ze.[5]
- Kentucky – from an Iroquoian word meaning "at the meadow" or "on the prairie"[17] (c.f. Seneca gëdá’geh [kẽtaʔkeh], "at the field").[18]
- Massachusetts – from an Algonquian language of southern New England, and apparently means "near the small big mountain", usually identified as Great Blue Hill on the border of Milton and Canton, Massachusetts[19] (c.f. the Narragansett name Massachusêuck).[19]
- Michigan – from Ottawa mishigami, "large water" or "large lake".".[20][21]
- Minnesota – from Dakota mni-sota, "turbid water".[8][22]
- Mississippi – from an Algonquian language, probably Ojibwe, meaning "big river" (Ojibwe misiziibi).[20][23]
- Missouri – named for the Missouri tribe, whose name comes from Illinois mihsoori, "dugout canoe".[24]
- Nebraska – from Chiwere ñįbraske, "flattened water".[25]
- New Mexico – the name "Mexico" comes from Nahuatl Mēxihco, of unknown derivation.[26]
- North and South Dakota – dakhóta comes from the Sioux word for "friend" or "ally".[25]
- Ohio – from Seneca ohi:yo’, "beautiful river".[27][28]
- Oklahoma – invented by Alan Wright as a rough translation of "Indian Territory"; in Choctaw, okla means "people", "tribe", or "nation", and homa- means "red", thus: "Red people".[8][29]
- Tennessee – Derived from the name of a Cherokee village, Tanasi, whose etymology is unknown.[30]
- Texas – ultimately from Caddo táyshaʔ, "friend".[31][32]
- Utah – from a language of one of the Ute tribe's neighbors, such as Western Apache yúdah, "high up".[33]
- Wisconsin – originally "Mescousing", from an Algonquian language, though the source and meaning is not entirely clear; most likely from the Miami word Meskonsing meaning "it lies red"[34][35] (c.f. Ojibwe miskosin).[20]
- Wyoming – from Munsee Delaware xwé:wamənk, "at the big river flat".[36]
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
California
Connecticut
Florida
- Pensacola – from the Choctaw name of a Muskogean group, "hair people", from pashi, "hair" + oklah, "people".[41]
- Apalachicola – from Choctaw Apalachee + oklah, "people".[42] Name of the Apalachicola tribe.
- Tallahassee – from the name of a Creek town, talahá:ssi, perhaps from (i)tálwa, "tribal town" + ahá:ssi, "old, rancid".[43]
- Immokalee – from Choctaw(?) im-okli, "his/her home".[44]
- Miami – from an Indian name for Lake Okeechobee, but the meaning and the source language aren't known.[45]
- Tampa – probably from the name of a Calusa village, with no further known etymology.[46]
- Alachua County – from the Timucuan chua, meaning sinkhole .[47]
- Okaloosa County, Florida: Okaloosa is named from the Choctaw words oka (water) and lusa (black).
- Okeechobee County, Florida: Okeechobee is named from the Hitchiti words oki (water) and chobi (big), a reference to Lake Okeechobee, the largest lake in Florida.
- Osceola County, Florida: Osceola is named after Osceola, the Native American leader who led the Second Seminole War.
- Sarasota County, Florida: Sarasota is named from a Calusa word which possibly means "Point of Rocks".
- Seminole County, Florida: Seminole is named after the Seminole Native American tribe.
Idaho
Illinois
Kansas
Louisiana
- Houma
- Caddo Parish
- Natchitoches – after the Natchitoches Indians
- Opelousas – different possible meanings, either "Black Leg" (the name of the tribe living there), or possibly from the Attakapas language, from the Attakapas words Ap (at this place) and Elush (it is very hot).
- Ponchatoula is a name signifying "falling hair" or "hanging hair" or "flowing hair" from the Choctaw Pashi "hair" and itula or itola "to fall" or "to hang" or "flowing". The Choctaw name Ponchatoula means "flowing hair", arrived at by the Choctaw as a way of expressing the beauty of the location with much moss hanging from the trees. "Ponche" is a Choctaw word meaning location, an object, or a person [1]. See the eponymous Ponchatoula Creek.
Maine
- Housatonic River From the Mohican phrase "usi-a-di-en-uk", translated as "beyond the mountain place"
Political units
The following are state, county, townships, cities, towns, villages and major city neighborhoods of Minnesota with placenames of indigenous origin in the Americas.
- Ah-gwah-ching, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Agwajiing "Outdoors"
- County and City of Anoka
- Bejou, Minnesota
- Bemidji, Minnesota – Shortened from the Ojibwe language: Bemijigamaag "Traversing lake".
- Bena, Minnesota
- Chanhassen, Minnesota
- Chaska, Minnesota
- Chengwatana, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Zhingwaadena "Pine-town"
- Chippewa County, Minnesota
- Chisago County, Minnesota – Shortened from the Ojibwe language: Gichi-zaaga'igan "Big lake".
- Chokio, Minnesota
- Cohasset, Minnesota
- Cokato, Minnesota
- Dakota County, Minnesota
- Eyota, Minnesota
- Hackensack, Minnesota
- Hanska, Minnesota
- Hokah, Minnesota
- County and City of Isanti
- Kanabec County, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Ginebiko-ziibiing "At the Snake River"
- County and City of Kandiyohi
- Kasota, Minnesota
- Keewatin, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Giiwedin "North"
- Koochiching County, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Goojijiing "At the inlet"
- County and City of Mahnomen – From the Ojibwe language: Manoomin "Wild rice"
- former Manomin County, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Manoomin "Wild rice"
- Mahtomedi, Minnesota
- Mahtowa, Minnesota
- Mankato, Minnesota
- Menahga, Minnesota
- Mendota, Minnesota
- Minneiska, Minnesota
- Minnetonka, Minnesota
- Nashwauk, Minnesota
- Nisswa, Minnesota
- Township and City of Ogema
- Okabena, Minnesota
- Onamia, Minnesota
- Otsego, Minnesota
- Owatonna, Minnesota
- Pokegama, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Bakegama "Side lake"
- Shakopee, Minnesota – From the Dakota language: Shák'pí "Six"
- Squaw Lake, Minnesota
- Wabasso, Minnesota
- Waconia, Minnesota
- Wadena, Minnesota
- Wahkon, Minnesota
- Waseca, Minnesota
- Waubun, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Waaban "Dawn/East"
- Wayzata, Minnesota
- Winona, Minnesota
Water bodies
Landforms
Nebraska
New Jersey
New Hampshire
New York
- Allegheny
- Aliquippa—Lenape alukwepi 'hat';[53] after Queen Alliquippa, who was named that because she wore a large hat.[54]
- Conshohocken—Lenape kanshihakink 'elegant land': kanshi 'elegant' + haki 'land' + -nk locative suffix.[55][56]
- Kittanning—Lenape kithanink 'where the river is big': kit 'great, large, big' + hane 'swift river from the mountains' + -ink locative suffix.[57]
- Manayunk—Lenape məneyunk 'place of drinking': məne 'drink' + yu 'here' + -nk locative suffix.[58]
- Monongahela—Lenape Mənaonkihəla 'the high riverbanks are washed down; the banks cave in or erode',[59] inanimate plural of mənaonkihəle 'the dirt caves off (such as the bank of a river or creek; or in a landslide)'[60] < mənaonke 'it has a loose bank (where one might fall in)'[61] + -həle (verb of motion).
- Muncy–after the Munsee people < Munsee language mənsiw, 'person from Minisink' (minisink meaning 'at the island': mənəs 'island' + -ink locative suffix) + -iw attributive suffix.[62]
- Nemacolin, Pennsylvania—after the 18th-century Lenape chief Nemacolin.
- Ohiopyle—from the Lenape phrase ahi opihəle, 'it turns very white',[63][64] referring to the frothy waterfalls.[65]
- Punxsutawney—Lenape Punkwsutenay 'town of sandflies or mosquitoes': punkwəs 'sandfly' (<punkw 'dust' + -əs diminutive suffix) + utenay 'town'.[66]
- Queonemysing—Lenape kwənamesink 'place of long fish': kwəni 'long' + names 'fish' + -ink locative suffix.[67]
- Quittapahilla Creek—Lenape kuwe ktəpehəle 'it flows out through the pines':[68] kuwe 'pine tree'[69] + ktəpehəle 'it flows out'.[70]
- Shackamaxon—Lenape sakimaksink 'place of the chiefs':[71] sakima 'chief'.[72] + -k plural suffix + -s- (for euphony) -ink locative suffix
- Susquehanna—Lenape siskuwihane 'muddy river': sisku 'mud' + -wi- (for euphony) + hane 'swift river from the mountains'.[73]
- Tinicum—Lenape mahtanikunk 'Where they catch up with each other'.[74]
- Tulpehocken—Lenape tulpehakink 'in the land of turtles': tulpe 'turtle' + haki 'land' + -nk locative suffix.[75]
- Wyoming Valley—Munsee xwēwamənk 'at the big river flat': xw- 'big' + ēwam 'river flat' + ənk locative suffix.[76]
- Youghiogheny—Lenape yuxwiakhane 'stream running a contrary or crooked course', according to John Heckewelder.[77]
Rhode Island
Texas
Utah
- Utah County, Utah Lake, etc. – "Utah" via "Yudah" or "Yutah" from a language of one of the Ute tribe's neighbors, such as Western Apache yúdah, "high up".[33]
- Mount Timpanogos – from Paiute for "rocks and runny water."
- Moab, Utah – from Paiute "moapa," meaning "mosquitoes;" possibly named after the biblical Moab.
- Wasatch Mountains, Wasatch County, etc. – from "wasatch," a Ute word for "mountain passage."
- Juab County – from Paiute word for "flat plain."
- Kanab, Utah – from Paiute word for willow tree.
- Kamas, Utah – from indigenous word for an edible, wild bulb.
- Oquirrh Mountains – from Goshute for "glowing, or wooded mountain."
- Uintah County – from Ute for "pine land."
- Various municipal street names including Arapeen Drive ("Arapeen" was a notable 19th century Paiute), Chipeta Way ("chipeta" is Ute for "rippling water") and Wasatch Boulevard ("wasatch" is Ute for "mountain pass").[79]
Vermont
Washington
- Seattle – named after Chief Seattle, whose Lushootseed name was Siʔáł.[80]
- Tacoma – from Lushootseed [təqʷúbəʔ] (earlier *təqʷúməʔ), "snow-covered mountain".[81]
- Yakima
- Puyallup
- Kitsap Peninsula, Kitsap County – named after Chief Kitsap
- Alki Beach
- Snohomish – Lushootseed [sduhúbʃ], the name of a Salishan group (earlier *snuhúmʃ).[82]
- Chiwawa River
- Chinook, Chinook Pass
- Cle Elum, Cle Elum River
- Cowlitz County, Cowlitz River
- Dosewallips River
- Duckabush River
- Duwamish River
- Entiat, Entiat River
- Hamma Hamma River
- Hoquiam
- Humptulips, Humptulips River
- Hyak
- Issaquah
- Kachess Lake
- Kittitas County, Kittitas
- Pysht River
- Sol Duc River
- Tillicum
- Tonasket
- Tulalip Bay
- Tumwater
- Twisp, Twisp River
- Wishkah River
- Walla Walla
- Stehekin
- Neah Bay
- Spokane – from the Spokane dialect of Interior Salish spoqín.[83]
- Palouse
- Okanogan
- Omak
- Orondo
- Sammamish
- Skagit River
- Skookumchuck River
- Squaxin Island
- Stillaguamish River
- Suquamish
- Nooksack River
- Nisqually River
- Chehalis, Chehalis River
- Wenatchee, Wenatchee River
- La Push – lapoos or labush is the Chinook Jargon adaptation of the fr. la bouche ("mouth")
- Nespelem
- Chelan, Lake Chelan
- Pasayten River, Pasayten Wilderness
- Hoh River
- Snoqualmie, Snoqualmie Pass, Snoqualmie River
- Skykomish River
- Wenatchee
Wisconsin
See also
References
- ^ "Alabama: The State Name". Alabama Department of Archives and History. http://www.archives.state.al.us/statenam.html. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
- ^ Bright (2004:29)
- ^ Ransom, J. Ellis. 1940. Derivation of the Word ‘Alaska’. American Anthropologist n.s., 42: pp. 550–551
- ^ a b Bright (2004:47)
- ^ a b Rankin, Robert. 2005. "Quapaw". In Native Languages of the Southeastern United States, eds. Heather K. Hardy and Janine Scancarelli. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, pg. 492
- ^ "Arkansas". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257039575056365. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "Connecticut". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Connecticut. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
- ^ a b c Campbell (1997:11)
- ^ Afable, Patricia O. and Madison S. Beeler (1996). "Place Names", in "Languages", ed. Ives Goddard. Vol. 17 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 193
- ^ Bright (2004:177)
- ^ "Comments by Michael McCafferty on "Readers' Feedback (page 4)"". The KryssTal. Archived from the original on 2006-10-31. http://web.archive.org/web/20061031125041/http://www.krysstal.com/feedback/display_feedback.php?ftype=Borrow&fblock=4. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
- ^ "Illinois". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Illinois. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
- ^ Bright (2004:181)
- ^ 2001. "Plains", ed. Raymond J. DeMallie. Vol. 13 of "Handbook of North American Indians", ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 445
- ^ "Iowa". American Heritage Dictionary. http://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/i/i0225000.html. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
- ^ Bright (2004:185)
- ^ Mithun, Marianne. 1999. Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pg. 312
- ^ Bright (2004:213)
- ^ a b Salwen, Bert, 1978. Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period. In "Northeast", ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of "Handbook of North American Indians", ed. William C. Sturtevant, pp. 160–176. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Quoted in: Campbell, Lyle. 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pg. 401
- ^ a b c "Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary". http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html.
- ^ "Michigan in Brief: Information About the State of Michigan" (PDF). Michigan.gov. http://www.michigan.gov/documents/hal_lm_MiB_156795_7.pdf. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "Minnesota". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Minnesota. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ^ "Mississippi". American Heritage Dictionary. Yourdictionary.com. http://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/m/m0343500.html. Retrieved 2007-03-06.
- ^ McCafferty, Michael. 2004. Correction: Etymology of Missouri. American Speech, 79.1:32
- ^ a b Koontz, John. "Etymology". Siouan Languages. http://spot.colorado.edu/~koontz/faq/etymology.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
- ^ Campbell (1997:378)
- ^ "Native Ohio". American Indian Studies. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20070202230727/http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ^ Bright (2004:3??)
- ^ Bruce, Benjamin (2003). "Halito Okla Homma! (Chahta Anumpa – Choctaw Language)". Hello Oklahoma!. http://hello-oklahoma.benjaminbruce.us/choctaw.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-24.
- ^ "Tennessee". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257039546142891. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ^ Bright (2004:491)
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "Texas". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Texas. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ^ a b 1986. "Great Basin", ed. Warren L. d'Azevedo. Vol. 11 of Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Cited in: Bright (2004:534)
- ^ McCafferty, Michael. 2003. On Wisconsin: The Derivation and Referent of an Old Puzzle in American Placenames. Onoma 38: 39-56
- ^ "Wisconsin's Name: Where it Came from and What it Means". Wisconsin Historical Society. http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/wisconsin-name/. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ^ Bright (2004:576)
- ^ Bright (2004:134)
- ^ Bright (2004:516)
- ^ Bright (2004:262)
- ^ Bright (2004:444)
- ^ Bright (2004:378)
- ^ Bright (2004:43)
- ^ Bright (2004:475)
- ^ Bright (2004:182)
- ^ Bright (2004:282)
- ^ Bright (2004:477-478)
- ^ Simpson, J. Clarence (1956). Mark F. Boyd. ed. Florida Place-Names of Indian Derivation. Tallahassee, Florida: Florida Geological Survey.
- ^ Bright (2004:508)
- ^ Bright (2004:265)
- ^ http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:_z5CpX0tgegJ:www.ncmuseumofhistory.org/collateral/articles/S06.language.tells.NC.history.pdf+american+indian+place+names+north+carolina&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh_weonEWHwbM-ry3YGFfT1mpKZfd9M7NR4dwMCjG7YtE1ovMVdmxJQuHWz5-FtWfM1WksRMrydQ5kADIhpb49T9oEaJ2J7MU-x8RllxBa45g_PEOschCqCi-0L9li8zSM3CsQ_&sig=AHIEtbQ1UXE9d45gEodPV1OW1yI-D2ODDQ
- ^ http://chenocetah.wordpress.com/index-2/
- ^ http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/northcarolina/
- ^ "alukwèpi". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=361. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ Edgar Um Bucholtz (2009-07-23). "Life in Aliquippa (1993)". Telecorps All-Inclusive. http://telecorps.blogspot.com/2009/07/life-in-aliquippa-1993.html. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "kanshihakink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=1659. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "Kanshihakink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=12346. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "kithanink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=12152. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "mëne". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=4605. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "Mënaonkihëla". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=4599. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "mënaonkihële". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=4600. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "mënaonke". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=4598. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ Goddard, Ives (1978). "Delaware". In Trigger, Bruce. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15. Northeast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 236–237. ISBN 0-16-004575-4.
- ^ "ahi". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=58. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
- ^ "òpihële". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=8009. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
- ^ Russell, Erret (1885). "Indian Geographical Names". The Magazine of Western History 2 (1): 53–59. http://books.google.com/books?id=p2oKAQAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
- ^ "Punkwsutènay". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=14172. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "Kwënamèsink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=12347. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "Quittapahilla Creek". Quittapahilla Watershed Association. http://quittapahillawatershedassociation.org/quittie_creek.aspx. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "kuwe". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=3275. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "ktëpehële". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=3142. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ Du Ponceau, Peter S.; Fisher, J. Francis (1836). "A Memoir of the History of the Celebrated Treaty Made by William Penn with the Indians under the Elm Tree at Shackamaxon, in the Year 1682". Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, vol. III, part III. Philadelphia. pp. 183–184. http://books.google.com/books?id=BDQLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&dq=shackamaxon+etymology&source=bl&ots=fXpuoQQZiZ&sig=Mf3HHu9xnxzzH-xQq3RgkJdRhZg&hl=en&ei=O2xuTeb_LMGp8Aag5YXPDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=shackamaxon%20etymology&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "sakima". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=9092. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "siskuwihane". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=9645. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "mahtanikunk". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=4231. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "tulpehakink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=13914. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ "Wyoming: Word Origin & History". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Wyoming. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ Errett, Russell (1885). "Indian Geographical Names II". Magazine of Western History 2 (1): 238–246. http://books.google.com/books?id=p2oKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA244&lpg=PA244&dq=youghiogheny+etymology+heckewelder&source=bl&ots=C8jImqsGM1&sig=cgWzy9ojUJNM6CDg4VEbWR-mZsw&hl=en&ei=K3ZuTff4E4H78AajrKGqDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=youghiogheny%20etymology%20heckewelder&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ Bright (2004:538)
- ^ Utah Place Names by John W. Van Cott, The New Utah’s Heritage by S. George Ellsworth, and A Teacher's Guide for the Maps and Chart Series Conquest for Indian America by Doloris Riley and Will Numkena
- ^ Bright (2004:427)
- ^ Bright (2004:469)
- ^ Bright (2004:454)
- ^ Bright (2004:459)
- ^ Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin History Chief Oshkosh
- ^ "Ojibwe Dictionary". Freelang. http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
- ^ Bright (2004:95)
Bibliography
- Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
- Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- O'Brien, Frank Waabu (2010). "Understanding Indian Place Names in Southern New England". Colorado: Bauu Press.